Charles M. Super
Giovanna Axia
Sara Harkness
Barbara Welles-Nyström
Piotr Olaf Zylicz
Parminder Parmar
Sabrina Bonichini
Moisés Rios Bermúdez
Ughetta Moscardino
Violet Kolar
Jesús Palacios
Andrzej Eliasz
Harry McGurk

Culture, Temperament, and the “Difficult Child”: A Study in Seven Western Cultures

European Journal of Developmental Science
2008/2,1-2
p. 136–157

2008
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About this book

This study explores parental ethnotheories of children’s temperament through mothers’ responses to McDevitt and Carey’s Behavioral Style Questionnaire (1978) for 299 children aged 3 to 8 years and interviews with their parents, in Australia, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. We first established a standardized, “derived etic” version of the questionnaire with adequate reliability for 8 of the original 9 scales. Cross-cultural comparisons of the scales’ means showed generally similar perceptions of children’s behavior. However, intercorrelations of the mean ratings with each other and with global “difficulty,” as presented through multidimensional scaling, showed both general tendencies and culture-specific patterns, which are further illustrated by parental discourse about “difficult” children in each sample. The findings underline the importance of parental ethnotheories for shaping the expression of temperament in development.

Keywords

child development
culture
parents’ ideas
temperament