Acknowledgements

Forward by Terrence Deacon

Preface

1 Finding Middle Ground: Establishing a Rational Method
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Naturalism as an Epistemological Commitment
1.3 Fallibilism
1.4 Postfoundationalist Rationality
1.5 Conclusion

2 Emergence’s Historical Trajectory
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Beginnings
2.2.1 Conway Lloyd Morgan
2.2.2 Samuel Alexander
2.2.3 C.D. Broad
2.3 Challenging Emergentism’s Claims
2.3.1 The Missing Years
2.4 Conclusion

3 Emergence: Distinguishing Between Instants, Theories, and Dynamics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Emergence Typology
3.2.1 Instants of Emergence
3.2.2 Theories of Emergence
3.2.3 Dynamics of Emergence
3.3 Conclusion

4 Dynamic Theological Naturalism: A Response to Emergentism
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dynamic Theological Naturalism
4.2.1 Two Versions of Transcendence
4.2.2 Transcendence Encounters as Limit Experiences
4.2.3 Constructing our Worlds
4.2.4 Communal Contexts
4.3 Dynamic Theological Naturalism
4.4 Dynamic Theological Naturalism
4.5 An Example in Dynamic Theological Naturalism
4.5.1 Relating Ideas of Nature and Ideas of God
4.5.2 Kaufman’s God as Creativity Model
4.5.3 Challenging Kaufman
4.6 Conclusion

5 The Rise in Prominence of Efficient Causation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
5.3 A Shift in Perspective: Modern Philosophy and Science
5.3.1 René Descartes (1596–1650)
5.3.2 Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
5.3.3 Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
5.3.4 Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
5.3.5 John Locke (1632–1704)
5.3.6 David Hume (1711–1776)
5.4 Conclusion

6 Proposed Current Solutions to the Free Will Problem
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Determinist Question
6.2.1 Determinism
6.2.2 Indeterminism
6.2.3 Determinism and Indeterminism in Conflict?
6.2.4 Determinism as Efficient Cause
6.3. The Compatibility Question
6.3.1 Compatibilism
6.4. The Intelligibility Question
6.4.1 Incompatibilism
6.5. Conclusion

7 Emergent Freedom: Intentionality and Expanded Causation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Framing Free Will
7.2.1 Why Compatibilism Fails
7.2.2 Why Incompatibilism Fails
7.2.3 Quasi–Incompatibilism
7.3 The Failure of Substance and the Promise of Process
7.3.1 A Serious Challenge to Emergence and Free Will
7.3.2 Shifting Ontology
7.4 What is Free Will?
7.4.1 Will
7.4.2 Representation
7.4.3 Decision
7.4.4 Action
7.4.5 Deconstrained Possibilities
7.5 Two Key Future Tasks
7.5.1 The Dynamic Self
7.5.2 Expanding Causation

8 Theological Postscript: The Created Co–Creator
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Created Co–Creator
8.2.1 Symbiosis
8.2.2 Freedom
8.2.3 Wholesomeness
8.3 Conclusion

Bibliography

Index